Liver cancer

The Function of the Colon and Complications Associated with Colorectal Cancer

The colon, also known as the large intestine, plays a crucial role in the digestive system. Its primary functions include the absorption of water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and the formation and excretion of feces. The colon also houses beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion and produce essential vitamins like vitamin K.

When colorectal cancer (CRC)—which includes cancers of the colon and rectum—develops, it significantly disrupts these vital processes. It may cause bleeding, absorption dysfunction, obstruction, or even perforation of the colon wall. Advanced cases may lead to bowel obstruction, metastatic spread (especially to the liver or lungs), cachexia (wasting syndrome), and systemic metabolic deterioration. The presence of cancer in the colon can also impair nutritional status, immune function, and overall quality of life.

Categories Associated with Primary and Secondary Colorectal Tumours

Colorectal cancer may be classified under two broad categories:

• Primary Colorectal Cancer: This originates in the tissues of the colon or rectum. The most prevalent type is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the mucus-producing glands lining the colon or rectum. Other less common types include:
  • Mucinous adenocarcinoma
  • Signet-ring cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors
• Secondary (Metastatic) Colorectal Cancer: These are cancers that began in another part of the body (such as the breast, stomach, or pancreas) and have spread (metastasized) to the colon or rectum. Conversely, colorectal cancer often metastasizes to the liver, lungs, peritoneum, or bones.

Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer, often over many years. These include:

• Age: Risk increases significantly after age 50
• Genetics: Family history, Lynch syndrome, and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
• Diet: High intake of red or processed meats, low fiber intake
• Inflammatory bowel diseases: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
• Obesity and physical inactivity
• Smoking and heavy alcohol use
• Type 2 diabetes
• History of polyps or previous colorectal cancer
• Radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis

Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is often asymptomatic in early stages, making regular screening essential. As it progresses, symptoms may include:

• Persistent changes in bowel habits (constipation, diarrhea, or narrowing of stool)
• Blood in stool or rectal bleeding
• Abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, or discomfort
• Fatigue or generalized weakness
• Unexplained weight loss
• A feeling that the bowel does not empty completely
• Anemia-related symptoms due to chronic blood loss
• Nausea or vomiting in advanced cases

Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer

Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tools:

• Medical History and Physical Examination
• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
• Fecal Tests: Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT), Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT), Stool DNA test (e.g., Cologuard)
• Endoscopic Evaluation: Colonoscopy (gold standard), Sigmoidoscopy, Biopsy (during colonoscopy)
• Imaging Studies: CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy), Abdominal/pelvic CT or MRI, PET scans for staging
• Laboratory Tests: Complete Blood Count (CBC), Liver Function Tests, CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) levels – a tumor marker

Best Treatment for Colorectal Cancer

Treatment depends on the cancer’s location (colon or rectum), size, stage, and patient’s overall health.

• Traditional Treatments
  • Surgical Procedures: Polypectomy, Partial Colectomy, Total Colectomy, Colostomy/Ileostomy, Rectal Surgery
  • Radiation Therapy: Commonly used for rectal cancer, external beam radiation therapy
  • Systemic Chemotherapy: Drugs such as 5-FU, Oxaliplatin, Capecitabine, Irinotecan
• Advanced and Alternative Treatments
  • Minimally Invasive and Microinvasive Therapies: Laparoscopic or Robotic Surgery, Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA), Microwave Ablation (MWA), Cryoablation
  • Targeted Therapy: Bevacizumab, Cetuximab, Panitumumab
  • Immunotherapy: Pembrolizumab (Keytruda), Nivolumab + Ipilimumab
  • Brachytherapy and Radioembolization: Used for rectal or liver metastases
  • Stem Cell and Future Therapies: CAR-T Cell Therapy, stem-cell-mediated immune restoration

Prevention and Lifestyle Management

Preventing colorectal cancer involves reducing risk factors and early detection:

• Regular Screening: Begin at age 45, earlier if high risk
• Diet: High in fiber, fruits, vegetables; low in red/processed meats
• Exercise: At least 30 minutes of physical activity most days
• Avoid Alcohol and Smoking
• Maintain Healthy Weight
• Treat Chronic Diseases: Proper management of IBD and diabetes
• Prophylactic Surgery: In patients with hereditary cancer syndromes
• Aspirin Use: May reduce risk (under medical advice)

Colorectal Cancer Treatment in Mumbai, Noida, India

Colorectal Cancer Treatment in Mumbai and Noida has seen significant advancements, providing patients with effective therapies to improve survival rates and quality of life. The treatment options are tailored based on the stage, location, and type of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. With world-class hospitals and highly skilled oncologists, patients can receive top-notch care without having to travel abroad.

Fuda Cancer Hospital is renowned for its expertise in treating colorectal cancer. The hospital offers cutting-edge treatments like minimally invasive surgeries, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. The Fuda Cancer Hospital Centers in Noida and Mumbai, in collaboration with Rekosh Health Care, ensure that Indian patients have access to the latest global treatment options right here at home.

The treatment approach often includes a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and advanced techniques like laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. In addition to medical treatments, the hospital emphasizes the importance of emotional support, nutritional counseling, and personalized care to enhance the patient's recovery process.

Why Choose Fuda Cancer Hospital for Colorectal Cancer Treatment?

• Advanced treatments like laparoscopic surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
• Experienced oncologists specializing in colorectal cancer
• State-of-the-art technology and personalized treatment plans
• Centers in Noida and Mumbai for easy access to treatment
• Partnership with Rekosh Health Care for comprehensive patient care

Early detection and timely treatment are critical in managing colorectal cancer. Patients are encouraged to undergo regular screenings, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and consult specialists at trusted cancer centers for the best outcomes. The Fuda Cancer Hospital team is dedicated to providing high-quality care that enhances the quality of life for colorectal cancer patients.